APG (Automated Password Generator) とは？
APG は自動パスワード生成器。システム管理者の「あ～、パスワードなんにしよ～」っていう苦悩を軽減してくれる。パスワードポリシーをランダムにしたり、固定にしたり、文字種、文字長の指定も思いのまま。
expect を入れてあれば、mkpasswd が使えるんだよ。わざわざソースからコンパイルする必要ねーよ。ってゆー人もいると思うけども。悪いとはいわないが、mkpasswd では、パスワード生成ポリシーが固定になってしまう難点がある。文字種、文字長が推測できるので、1 つ同じポリシーで生成されたパスワードを入手できれば、ブルートフォースの必要はなくなってしまう。
オフィシャルサイト: APG (Automated Pasword Generator)
ソースのダウンロードと整合性チェック
$ cd src/ $ wget http://www.adel.nursat.kz/apg/download/apg-2.2.3.tar.gz $ wget http://www.adel.nursat.kz/apg/download/apg-2.2.3.tar.gz.md5 $ md5sum --check apg-2.2.3.tar.gz.md5
ソースの展開
$ tar zxvf apg-2.2.3.tar.gz $ cd apg-2.2.3/
インストール先変更のため、Makefile を編集
デフォルトでは、/usr/local にインストールされることになっているが、ここでは、/usr/local/apg-2.2.3 にインストールするよう変更する。
$ cp -a Makefile Makefile.old $ vi Makefile
--- Makefile.old 2003-08-08 00:40:30.000000000 +0900 +++ Makefile 2006-10-01 15:49:59.000000000 +0900 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ################################################################## # Directories # Install dirs -INSTALL_PREFIX = /usr/local +INSTALL_PREFIX = /usr/local/apg-2.2.3 APG_BIN_DIR = /bin APG_MAN_DIR = /man/man1 APGD_BIN_DIR = /sbi
コンパイルとインストール
$ make $ sudo make install $ sudo ln -s /usr/local/apg-2.2.3 /usr/local/apg
インストールの確認
$ find /usr/local/apg-2.2.3 /usr/local/apg-2.2.3 /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/bin /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/bin/apgbfm /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/bin/apg /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/man /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/man/man1 /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/man/man1/apg.1 /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/man/man1/apgbfm.1
使用例
ぼくがよく使うオプションは以下の 4 つ。
- -a: パスワード生成をランダムにするかどうかのフラグ。デフォルトは 0。
- -m: パスワードの最小文字長。デフォルトは 8。
- -x: パスワードの最大文字長。デフォルトは 10。
- -n: 生成するパスワードの数。デフォルトは 6。
8 文字から 16 文字の長さでランダムなパスワードを 20 個、生成する例。
$ /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/bin/apg -a1 -m8 -x16 -n20 dll-h/pA1~;sR lUn[Y/.M!9t- E-;jM61; 8Y?FQl}wUJ`Dvpu 2H8n`)z_6&Q7yG F30FTEIp;mCq:b ~2J?v'I%o]=C >4?raQ7?3atiZ!Yz +nOA?6awB2;7GZ+ u2Y|0=6fc HQZ0%pEl7I2Bi} uJ"v2w@BEBSQF x'LPmmz,^w _ago^1Ly Vlo\|K9Wq UE'8(R@i843h_N+ hr7SFrtrw2xM] zPSrpxL8HgZ=\ bTci5|oB9V6 VV&-l|&e$F)23,:i
ヘルプ (-h)
$ /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/bin/apg -h apg Automated Password Generator Copyright (c) Adel I. Mirzazhanov apg [-a algorithm] [-r file] [-M mode] [-E char_string] [-n num_of_pass] [-m min_pass_len] [-x max_pass_len] [-c cl_seed] [-d] [-s] [-h] [-y] [-q] -M mode new style password modes -E char_string exclude characters from password generation process -r file apply dictionary check against file -b filter_file apply bloom filter check against filter_file (filter_file should be created with apgbfm(1) utility) -p substr_len paranoid modifier for bloom filter check -a algorithm choose algorithm 1 - random password generation according to password modes 0 - pronounceable password generation -n num_of_pass generate num_of_pass passwords -m min_pass_len minimum password length -x max_pass_len maximum password length -s ask user for a random seed for password generation -c cl_seed use cl_seed as a random seed for password -d do NOT use any delimiters between generated passwords -l spell generated password -t print pronunciation for generated pronounceable password -y print crypted passwords -q quiet mode (do not print warnings) -h print this help screen -v print version information
マニュアル (man)
$ man /usr/local/apg-2.2.3/man/man1/apg.1 APG(1) User Manual APG(1) NAME apg - generates several random passwords SYNOPSIS apg [-a algorithm] [-M mode] [-E char_string] [-n num_of_pass] [-m min_pass_len] [-x max_pass_len] [-r dictfile] [-b filter_file] [-p min_substr_len] [-s] [-c cl_seed] [-d] [-y] [-l] [-t] [-q] [-h] [-v] DESCRIPTION apg generates several random passwords. It uses several password gener- ation algorithms (currently two) and a built-in pseudo random number generator. Default algorithm is pronounceable password generation algorithm designed by Morrie Gasser and described in A Random Word Generator For Pronounceable Passwords National Technical Information Service (NTIS) AD-A-017676. The original paper is very old and had never been put online, so I have to use NIST implementation described in FIPS-181. Another algorithm is simple random character generation algorithm, but it uses four user-defined symbol sets to produce random password. It means that user can choose type of symbols that should appear in pass- word. Symbol sets are: numeric symbol set (0,...,9) , capital letters symbol set (A,...,Z) , small letters symbol set (a,...,z) and special symbols symbol set (#,@,!,...). Built-in pseudo random number generator is an implementation of algo- rithm described in Appendix C of ANSI X9.17 or RFC1750 with exception that it uses CAST or SHA-1 instead of Triple DES. It uses local time with precision of microseconds (see gettimeofday(2)) and /dev/random (if available) to produce initial random seed. apg also have the ability to check generated password quality using dictionary. You can use this ability if you specify command-line options -r dictfile or -b filtername where dictfile is the dictionary file name and filtername is the name of Bloom filter file. In that dic- tionary you may place words (one per line) that should not appear as generated passwords. For example: user names, common words, etc. You even can use one of the dictionaries that come with dictionary password crackers. Bloom filter file should be created with apgbfm(1) utility included in apg distribution. In future releases I plan to implement some other techniques to check passwords (like pattern check) just to make life easier. OPTIONS Password generation modes options -a algorithm use algorithm for password generation. 0 - (default) pronounceable password generation 1 - random character password generation -n num_of_pass generate num_of_pass number of passwords. Default is 6. -m min_pass_len generate password with minimum length min_pass_len. If min_pass_len > max_pass_len then max_pass_len = min_pass_len. Default minimum password length is 8. -x max_pass_len generate password with maximum length max_pass_len. If min_pass_len > max_pass_len then max_pass_len = min_pass_len. Default maximum password length is 10. -M mode Use symbolsets specified with mode for password generation. mode is a text string consisting of characters S, s, N, n, C, c, L, l. Where: S generator must use special symbol set for every generated password. s generator should use special symbol set for password gen- eration. N generator must use numeral symbol set for every generated password. n generator should use numeral symbol set for password gen- eration. C generator must use capital symbol set for every generated password. c generator should use capital symbol set for password gen- eration. L generator must use small letters symbol set for every generated password (always present if pronounceable pass- word generation algorithm is used). l generator should use small letters symbol set for pass- word generation. R,r not supported any more. Use -E char_string option instead. mode can not be more than 4 characters in length. Note: Usage of L, M, N, C will slow down password generation process. Examples: -M sncl or -M SNCL or -M Cn -E char_string exclude characters in char_string from password generation pro- cess (in pronounceable password generation mode you can not exclude small letters). To include special symbols that can be recognized by shell (apostrophe, quotes, dollar sign, etc.) in char_string use the backslashed versions. Examples: Command apg -a 1 -M n -n 3 -m 8 -E 23456789 will generate a set of passwords that will look like this 10100110 01111000 11011101 Command apg -a 1 -M nc -n 3 -m 26 -E GHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ will generate a set of passwords that will look like this 16A1653CD4DE5E7BD9584A3476 C8F78E06944AFD57FB9CB882BC 8C8DF37CD792D36D056BBD5002 Password quality control options -r dictfile check generated passwords for their appearance in dictfile -b filter_file check generated passwords for their appearance in filter_file. filter_file should be created with apgbfm(1) utility. -p min_substr_len this option tells apg(1) to check every substring of the gener- ated password for appearance in filter_file. If any of such sub- strings would be found in the filter_file then generated pass- word would be rejected and apg(1) will generate another one. min_substr_len specifies minimum substring length to check. This option is active only if -b option is defined. Pseudo random number generator options -s ask user for random sequence for password generation -c cl_seed use cl_seed as a random seed for password generation. I use it when i have to generate passwords in a shell script. Password output options -d do NOT use any delimiters between generated passwords. I use it when i have to generate passwords in a shell script. -y print generated passwords and crypted passwords (see man crypt(3)) -q quiet mode (do not print warnings) -l spell genetated passwords. Useful when you want to read gener- ated password by telephone. WARNING: Think twice before read your password by phone. -t print pronunciation for generated pronounceable password -h print help information and exit -v print version information and exit DEFAULT OPTIONS apg -a 0 -M sncl -n 6 -x 10 -m 8 (new style) If you want to generate really secure passwords, you should use option -s. To simplify apg usage, you can write a small shell script. For example: [begin]----> pwgen.sh #!/bin/sh /usr/local/bin/apg -m 8 -x 12 -s [ end ]----> pwgen.sh EXIT CODE On successful completion of its task, apg will complete with exit code 0. An exit code of -1 indicates an error occurred. Textual errors are written to the standard error stream. DIAGNOSTICS If /dev/random is not available, apg will display a message about it. FILES None. BUGS None. If you’ve found one, please send bug description to the author. SEE ALSO apgd(8), apgbfm(1) AUTHOR Adel I. Mirzazhanov, <a-del@iname.com> Project home page: http://www.adel.nursat.kz/apg/ Automated Password Generator 2003 Aug 04 APG(1)
